Materials
Process Paper
Growing up in South Carolina, I have seen all that the coast has to offer: development up to the shoreline, destruction in the aftermath of a hurricane, and yet again the reconstruction of all that was lost. This continued cycle of destruction and reconstruction sparked an interest because, in my mind, someone should have stepped in and advised individuals to break the cycle and stop building along the coast. After some research, I found the 1992 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council case that was the initial basis of my project.
I began conducting research by examining the Lucas case. After reading through the opinion of the Supreme Court, I realized that this was a much broader issue. Slowly, I began to backtrack through South Carolina history and find the roots of the battle for the coast. To my surprise, I learned that there have been issues over the coast since the earliest days of settlement. After looking at key points such as the Carolina Charter, the Sea Islands Hurricane, and Hurricane Hazel, I began to realize that this was a much larger issue than I thought. It was then that I expanded my project to encompass the total "fight for the Carolina coast" throughout the history of the state.
I elected to present my information in the form of a website because it allows the viewer to be in control of the presentation. Websites enable the audience to be interactive by watching videos, seeing photographs up close, and being able to read primary source documents for themselves in conjunction with the analysis. I began to "tell my story" across the website and interspersed interactive elements throughout to further the content and to keep the audience engaged. In addition, I added transcripts of primary source documents to allow for viewers to read the history for themselves.
My project analyzes the rights of the individual to live along the coast versus the responsibility of the state to protect the citizens and their property. From the earliest days of the Carolina colony, citizens have felt as though it was their right to occupy and modify the land. South Carolinians had to leave for the coast during the summer months because of the mosquito-borne disease that was common along the artificial bodies of water that were created to yield better harvests. Even when presented with hurricanes and destruction, South Carolinians kept going back to the coast simply because they could. In the 1970s, the state took the first steps to protect the citizens and the land through the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. However, individuals such as David Lucas believed that it was their right to build along the coast in the late 1980s. The Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council case epitomizes the right of the individual versus the responsibility of the state in the fight for the Carolina coast. This issue is still relevant today as the government is reconsidering and allowing development along the coast.
I began conducting research by examining the Lucas case. After reading through the opinion of the Supreme Court, I realized that this was a much broader issue. Slowly, I began to backtrack through South Carolina history and find the roots of the battle for the coast. To my surprise, I learned that there have been issues over the coast since the earliest days of settlement. After looking at key points such as the Carolina Charter, the Sea Islands Hurricane, and Hurricane Hazel, I began to realize that this was a much larger issue than I thought. It was then that I expanded my project to encompass the total "fight for the Carolina coast" throughout the history of the state.
I elected to present my information in the form of a website because it allows the viewer to be in control of the presentation. Websites enable the audience to be interactive by watching videos, seeing photographs up close, and being able to read primary source documents for themselves in conjunction with the analysis. I began to "tell my story" across the website and interspersed interactive elements throughout to further the content and to keep the audience engaged. In addition, I added transcripts of primary source documents to allow for viewers to read the history for themselves.
My project analyzes the rights of the individual to live along the coast versus the responsibility of the state to protect the citizens and their property. From the earliest days of the Carolina colony, citizens have felt as though it was their right to occupy and modify the land. South Carolinians had to leave for the coast during the summer months because of the mosquito-borne disease that was common along the artificial bodies of water that were created to yield better harvests. Even when presented with hurricanes and destruction, South Carolinians kept going back to the coast simply because they could. In the 1970s, the state took the first steps to protect the citizens and the land through the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. However, individuals such as David Lucas believed that it was their right to build along the coast in the late 1980s. The Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council case epitomizes the right of the individual versus the responsibility of the state in the fight for the Carolina coast. This issue is still relevant today as the government is reconsidering and allowing development along the coast.
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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
“A Terrifying Hurricane.” The Newberry Herald and News [Newberry] 30 Aug. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067777/1893-08-30/ed-1/seq-3>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast. However, it is noted in this article that South Carolina Governor Ben Tillman issued a call for help in the form of “money, food, clothing, and other necessaries of life.” By asking for relief aid, Governor Tillman took one of the first steps that the South Carolina government ever did in protecting the citizens and the natural environment from the dangers that plague life along the coast.
“Artificial Seawall Covered in Debris from the Dunes.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://wciv.images.worldnow.com/images/21198004_BG1.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. As development has continued in the “danger zones,” the dunes are being destroyed. This seawall was built in an effort to protect the dunes from further destruction. This is illustrated by the debris from the dunes that is covering the artificial seawall. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Artificial Seawall Protecting the Coastline.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://media.myrtlebeachonline.com/smedia/2014/03/29/22/06/P1VOO.AuSt.78.jpeg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the measures that are being taken by the state in the aftermath of the Beachfront Management Act to protect the coast. By building a seawall right along the coast, the shoreline is being protected from the rushing water that would otherwise lead to beach erosion and eventual habitat destruction. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Atalaya Castle.” Online photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.funbeaches.com/atalaya/atalaya11.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of a temporary summer home for the Allston family of Brookgreen Plantation during the 1800s. This was used inane illustrative manner on the website.
“Beach at Sunset.” Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.wallpaper-universe.com/wallpapers/Nature---Paysages/plage---iles---ocean/176/plage---iles---ocean-176-4~3.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Carolina Charter of 1663.” North Carolina History. Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/images/uploaded/posts/screen_46d58258e92b9.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the Carolina Charter of 1663. While the text is not visible in this picture, it is used to show the document that sets the stage for the fight for the Carolina coast because the Lords Proprietors were given ultimate jurisdiction over the land when it was granted. However, there was nobody present to police the issues of protection and preservation during the late 1600s. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Damaged Houses During the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/1893_sea_islands_hurricane_damaged_houses.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“David Lucas.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/lucas.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas on his two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“David Lucas.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/Lucas4.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas on his two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Debris in the Street After the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://eatsleepplaybeaufort.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/hurricane18932.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “Inlet Fishing Pier.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “McElveen's Drug Store and Grocery Market.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “Windy Hill Fishing Pier.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Eiser, Bill. “33 1/3 Years of Beachfront Management in South Carolina.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <http://www.asbpa.org/conferences/10abstracts/Eiser.pdf>. This speech presentation overview document released by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the impacts that the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act have had on the state’s coast during the past thirty-three and a half years. Presenter Bill Eiser drew heavily on the importance of moving the baseline of the construction zone back from the shoreline and the establishment of the danger zone. More so, Eiser noted the importance of reestablishing the existing beach and dune system through the process of beach renourishment. By looking at the change over time in the beach and dune system quality from 1977 to 2010, Eiser was able to signify the importance and significance of the state’s new protective laws.
“Excerpt from the Charter of Carolina, March 24, 1663.” Wyckoff Public Schools. N.p., n.d.. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.wyckoffps.org/cms/lib7/NJ01000588/Centricity/Domain/180/Primary%20Source%20Carolina.pdf>. This excerpt from the Charter of Carolina illustrates the official transfer of land from King Charles II to his eight Lord’s Proprietors. King Charles II grants the eight men the ability to develop, cultivate, and govern the land that is now South Carolina. By issuing this land grant, King Charles II is setting the stage for the battle between the rights of the individuals to move to the coast versus the responsibility of the state to protect the citizens and the natural environment because this is the first legal document that grants any European settler control over the land that is now South Carolina. The Lord’s Proprietors utilize this document to reign supreme over the land and to do as they see fit in the colony.
Fretwell, Sammy. "Beach Law Needs Work, Commission Says." The State. N.p., 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. Written during the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2013, this article discusses how devastating a Hurricane Sandy like storm would be if it were to hit the South Carolina coast at the time. While the Beachfront Management Act is in place, officials are continuing to not uphold all of its provisions and are ultimately hurting the state and the oceanfront in the long run. The article concludes that there is no real “fight for the Carolina coast,” but that the state’s responsibilities to protect should be exercised above an individual’s right to enjoy the coast.
Fretwell, Sammy. "Report: S.C. Needs Tougher Beach Law." The State. N.p., 7 Nov. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2009/11/07/1017148/report-sc-needs-tougher-beach.html>. This article provides insight into the report that was released by the state Department of Health and Environmental Control agency on the progress of the problem of beach erosion twenty years after the initial passage of the Beachfront Management Act. The article calls for tougher beach laws because oceanfront development is still a problem; officials who nullify provisions of the law for some coastal developers are cited as the reason that there is still an issue.
Fretwell, Sammy. “Resort’s troubles threaten to erode beach law.” Myrtle Beach Online. N.p., 29 March 2014. Web. 31 March 2014. <http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/2014/03/29/4130796/resorts-troubles-threaten-to-erode.html>. This article lays out the arguments for and against allowing individuals to exercise their right to build directly along the coastline. Citing the worry among property owners that the land will lose economic viability if a new law is passed, their worry that their property could be damaged by a natural disaster is also covered. Environmental factors, such as at the rising sea level, are cited as evidence both for and against the construction of the seawall. Regardless of whether or not another law is passed to overhaul the Beachfront Management Act, the type of wooden seawalls and the construction tactics and practices that are currently being used by the state were concluded to be failing. This illustrates, once again, the continued fight for the Carolina coast.
Fretwell, Sammy, and John Monk. "DHEC Changes Erode Beach Protection Law." The State. N.p., 20 Nov. 2008. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2008/11/20/596134/dhec-changes-erode-beach-protection.html>. This article illustrates how there have been changes in the laws and restrictions on coastal property since the 1988 Beachfront Management Act. By loosening restrictions on the provisions of the protective law, the state is retreating on their responsibility to protect the citizens and the natural environment from hurricanes and a destroyed beach and dune system. While it is more current, this article illustrates that there are still issues between the rights of the individual versus the responsibility of the state in the fight over the coastal regions of the state.
“Folly Beach Seawall.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. The seawall is being constructed in an effort to protect the coast from erosion that would otherwise occur destroy the coastline. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Georgetown Trunk Minders.” Georgetown County Digital Library. Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gcdigital.org/cdm/>. This picture provides a visual representation of the trunk minding system that was commonly used throughout South Carolina in an effort to transform the natural environment into one that is conducive to the growth of rice. The trunk system, although innovative, caused many problems with the natural environment, including devastation of many animals’ natural habitat and an attraction of mosquitos to the area. This is a negative side effect of the right of individuals moving to the coast. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Hinnant, Lauren. “Statehouse legislation could impact Grand Strand beaches.” WBTW. N.p., 14 May 2014. Web. 16 May 2014. <http://www.wbtw.com/story/25517957/statehouse-legislation-could-impact-grand-strands-beaches>. This article provides insight into how the fight for the Carolina coast is still evolving. Recently, a bill was brought forth in the state legislature that would allow for the construction of seawalls that would promote building closer to the ocean because of the sense of protection that these walls provide. However, they are not environmentally secure in protecting the natural environment; the piece of legislation is being challenged by South Carolina environmental agencies. As the state continues to become increasingly lax with their responsibilities to protect the citizens and the environment, individuals are able to freely build as they please as they continue to exercise their rights to protection and enjoyment.
“Hugo’s beach law test still pending.” The Sun News [Myrtle Beach] 15 Oct. 1989. Print. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo, the article describes on how the 1988 Beachfront Management Act was needed. During the hurricane, many of the homes in the newly developed “danger zone” were destroyed. Taking this into account, the state was moving in the right direction by not allowing citizens to build directly along the shoreline because of the dangers associated with doing so. Using this information, Hugo proved that the new beachfront protection law was useful and that the state was doing good by increasing their responsibilities and protecting the people and the natural environment.
“Hurricane Hugo: A Coast in Crisis.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1075/images/iop.gif>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Hurricane Hugo Beachfront Damage.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Hurricane_Hugo_beach_front_damage.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Hurricane Hugo Coastline Damage.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ecu.edu/renci/StormsToLife/Hugo/images/sullivans.gif>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Inlet Fishing Pier.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pier had been built at the north tip of East Cherry Grove Beach. This new pier represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
“Jetties in the Shallow Coastal Waters.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.postandcourier.com/storyimage/CP/20120527/PC1002/120529256/AR/0/AR-120529256.jpg&maxw=640&q=100>. This picture provides a visual representation of the measures that are being taken by the state in the aftermath of the Beachfront Management Act to protect the coast. By building jetties in the shallow coastal waters, the shoreline is being protected from the rushing water that would otherwise lead to beach erosion and eventual habitat destruction. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Local News.” Anderson Intelligencer [Anderson] 30 Aug. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026965/1893-08-30/ed-1/seq-3>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast.
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council Opinion of the Court. 505 U.S. 1003. Supreme Court of the United States. 1992. The Oyez Project. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1991/1991_91_453>. The Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council Opinion of the Court provided extensive coverage of the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council court case. Information regarding the background of the case was obtained as was information and reasoning behind the decision that the Supreme Court made. In conclusion, the Supreme Court ruled that a state was able to exercise their police powers and take land from an individual under eminent domain laws, provided that they provided just compensation. In this case, the state’s responsibility may override an individual’s right under certain circumstances.
“Miss Universe 1955's Travel to South Carolina Advertisement.” State Development Board. Online photograph. 18 May 2014. <https://www.etsy.com/listing/161241415/vintage-1950s-travel-ad-half-page-beach?ref=market>. This picture provides a visual representation of the attractiveness that was associated with the Grand Strand in the 1950s. Miss Universe, hailing from the state of South Carolina, used her position to appear in advertisements telling people to come to the area. When coupled with the other factors that enabled families to vacation during the 1950s, such as air conditioning and the interstate system, this advertisement helped to boost coastal tourism business. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Myrtle Beach Skywheel.” Tilghman Resort. Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.tilghmanresort.com/media/images/area_information_main_page_photo_3.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.” Palms Myrtle Beach. Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://3palmsmyrtlebeach.com/images/beach_sc.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“New Pavilion Open On Strand.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pavilion had been built in Crescent Beach. The article notes that the developers of the new pavilion have just finished work all along the coast in South Carolina and Georgia; this represents the right of individuals to move to the coast and develop it as they saw fit. Furthermore, the article notes that one pavilion was already in place; this represents the growth of the Grand Strand during the 1950s. In all, this new pavilion represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
“Reconstruction - By Man and Nature.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pier had been built in Windy Hill. This new pier represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
Records of the Court of Common Pleas. “Judgment Roll 1788, no. 223A.” “Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina.” Cambridge: Hardvard University Publishing, 2011. Print photograph. 18 Dec. 2013. This photograph shows a cartographic depiction of a tidal swamp rice field. The map depicts the nature of the rice fields and how the plantation owners, who likely kept the map for their records, excavated the land in an effort to create a trunk system for their rice crops. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Red Cross Workers During the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/1893_sea_islands_hurricane_red_cross_workers.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Seawall Under Construction.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. The seawall is being constructed in an effort to protect the coast from erosion that would otherwise occur destroy the coastline. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Coast.” Grand Strand Vacations. Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.grandstrandscvacations.com/grand-strand-hotel.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Program Notes.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Notes).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses how South Carolina’s Coastal Zone Management Act falls in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969’s call by the Office of Coastal Zone Management for individual state laws that protect beachfront property. This document shows that South Carolina’s law “passes the test” and is approved by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969’s guidelines. Furthermore, this document includes a list of state agencies that are responsible in the efforts to uphold and promote the Coastal Zone Management Act.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Impact Statement.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Pt.%203).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the impacts of the 1976 amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act. This document provides insight into how much the document helped to protect he environment and to promote awareness among the beach and dune system along the coastal regions of the state. When paired with the South Carolina Beachfront Management Act, the impacts and ramifications of this law are seen as not as widespread because of its surface level actions and guidelines. Nonetheless, this was seen as a first attempt by the state to better the natural environment and to protect the citizens of the state.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Program Statement.” South Carolina Department of Heath and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Pt.%201).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the purpose of the 1976 amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act. This document provides insight into the first time that the state government steps up and fulfills their responsibility to protect the citizens and the natural environment. When paired with the South Carolina Beachfront Management Act, this preliminary law is seen as minimal in its efforts to curb the individual’s right to move to the coast and to protect the natural environment.
“South Carolina Oceanfront.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-lNZcKrfw5o/TUwcHyxGprI/AAAAAAAAAnQ/DMKExs61gTg/s1600/Beachviewnorth.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Pier.” Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dnasoa.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DNA-Paternity-Testing-Myrtle-Beach-SC.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Sunset at Myrtle Beach Dunes.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/sunset-at-myrtle-beach-sc-dunes-joe-granita.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“The Main Square.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new oceanfront business block had been built near an existing one in proximity to the new Ocean Drive Pavilion. This new oceanfront business block represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so and the development of the Grand Strand during the 1950s in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel as many had the opportunity to build and rebuild.
“The Storm of 1893.” The Laurens Advertiser [Laurens] 4 Sept. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067760/1893-09-04/ed-1/seq-1>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast.
“Undeveloped Lots.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/Lucas1.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas’ two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Zone Mapping in the Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council Case.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/LucasMap.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas’ two lots in relation to the area of the coast along the Isle of Palms. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“1950s Air Conditioning Advertisement.” Online photograph. 17 May 2014. <http://www.williscarrier.com/images/chapter5/chapterfive_small05.jpg>. This picture proves a visual representation of the time when air conditioning was still rare and gaining popularity. During this time, advertisements for air conditioning, like this one, were common because many people were unsure of its uses and effectiveness. Air conditioning was one element that brought more people to the coast as it became popular in the early to mid 1900s because of the ability for vacationers to stay cool while enjoying their summer down south at the beach. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“1950s Family Travel Advertisement.” Online photograph. 17 May 2014. <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UImPrZh-RfQ/T9vPbKqglSI/AAAAAAAABnY/WsseSm8y8AI/s1600/1950s+family+travel+with+map.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of a stereotypical family during the 1950s as they are on their way to their vacation destination. The fifties, a period of consumerism and conformity, illustrate the growing right of the individual to do as they please due to the relaxed social culture that surrounded the postwar period. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Secondary Sources
“Before Drayton Hall: From Native Americans to early colonists.” Dryaton Hall. N.p., N.d.. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://draytonhall.org/research/history/before.html>. This quote provides a realistic basis in the “fight for the Carolina coast.” Despite the incessant back and forth between individuals wanting to express their right to live along and coast and the responsibility of the state in protecting the citizens and the environment, the reality is that the land originally belonged to the indigenous Native American peoples. It was in the Carolina Charter of 1663 that European settlers began to exercise their right over the land that is now South Carolina.
Brockington, Lee. Email interview. 17 Jan. 2014. Ms. Brockington is a curator at the Hobcaw Barony Plantation in Georgetown, South Carolina. Ms. Brockington aided me in redefining my project from a sole focus on the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council case to a broader focus on the issue of land rights throughout the course of the history. Ms. Brockington provided insight into the reality of the situation of land rights in South Carolina at its core: the land was initially the Native Americans’. By providing me with this reality, I was able to draw my project back to the foundations of the state and research where European settlers obtained their initial right to settle the land from; this proved to be the Carolina Charter of 1663 issued by King Charles II.
Edelson, S. Max. “Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina.” Cambridge: Harvard University Publishing, 2011. 18 Dec. 2013. Print. Max Edelson specifically offers insight into the transformation of the plantation landscape during colonial South Carolina. Edelson mentions the nature of how widespread the excavation of the natural environment was during the era. In addition, Edelson ntoes that the transformation of the natural environment was a negative side effect of citizens expressing their right to move to the area and help themselves by making the plantation landscape beneficial to the rice harvests.
Gayes, Paul. “25 Years of Beachfront Management Act in South Carolina: Ebbs and Flows of the Shoreline, Structures, and Development.” North Carolina Coastal Commission. N.p., 19 Feb. 2009. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/CRC/gayes_termgroins.pdf>. By a professor at Coastal Carolina University’s Center for Marine and Wetland Studies, this presentation details the effects of the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. The presentation states that both of the laws were necessary in order to protect individuals and the natural environment along the coast. However, unlike many other sources, there is the conclusion that the beaches are in a better place in 2009 than they were prior to the passage of the laws; many experts still claim that there is much work to be done. The project does, however, continue to call for increased action in order to prepare for storms such as Hurricane Katrina or a direct hit of lesser storms.
Gayes, Paull. “Coastal Danger Zone Baselines.” “25 Years of Beachfront Management Act in South Carolina: Ebbs and Flows of the Shoreline, Structures, and Development.” North Carolina Coastal Commission. N.p., 19 Feb. 2009. Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/CRC/gayes_termgroins.pdf>. This picture provides a visual representation of the coastal danger zone baselines that were established following the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
General Johnson and the Chairmen of the Board. “I’d Rather be in Carolina.” By composer. “Surfside.” Arista Records, 1983. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_9-Z4v7610&feature=kp>. This song acts as an introduction to the website to draw attention to the desirability of South Carolina’s beaches. More so, this songs sets up the right of the individual to move to the coast by saying that “there’s no place finer.” This was used in an auditory manner on the website.
“Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council. Duke Law. N.p., N.d.. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://web.law.duke.edu/voices/lucas#>. The Duke Law page regarding the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council was used for their video summaries of the court case. A narrative of the court case was documented as told by many key players in the case ranging from petitioner David Lucas to a local geologist responding to the decision of the Supreme Court. The videos provided multiple viewpoints and enabled me to see that dissent was still in the air following the 1992 decision by the Supreme Court.
McDaniel, Dr. George. Email interview. 16 Jan. 2014. George McDaniel is the executive director at Drayton Hall in Charleston, South Carolina. Dr. McDaniel provided insight into why South Carolinians went to the coast during the antebellum era. Dr. McDaniel pointed out that many went to escape disease, while citing Citadel professor Richard Porcher, and that others just went for pure enjoyment. In addition to providing a more scientific element to my research with the discussion of mosquitos and disease, Dr. McDaniel discussed the actions of the John Drayton family during the summers and put me in touch with curator Joseph Mester. Dr. McDaniel did not discuss the responsibility of the state during the antebellum era in Charleston, South Carolina.
Mester, Joseph. Email interview. 21 Jan. 2014. Joseph Mester is a curator at Drayton Hall in Charleston, South Carolina. Mr. Mester provided additional insight into reasons that South Carolinians weren't to the coast during the summer months. Mr. Mester was also able to provide me with an overview of how the John Drayton family often traveled to Sullivan’s Island in South Carolina during the summer months to avoid the harsh labors of the plantation and the disease that it carried with it. Furthermore, Mr. Mester told me that the John Drayton family often took slaves, children, and some of their belongings with them. Likewise, Mr. Mester did not discuss the responsibility of the state during the antebellum era in Charleston, South Carolina. In addition, Mr. Mester noted that the John Drayton family did not necessarily see their moving to the coast as a right, but that it was a popular thing to do during the time for wealthy plantation owners.
Rujgh, Susan Sessions. “Are We There Yet?: The Golden Age of American Family Vacations. “Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2008. Web. 16 May 2014. <https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/s18.cfm>. This book looks at the post World War II period as a time for the family unit to strengthen as a whole. One of the chief ways in which the family unit was able to strengthen was through the frequent vacations that took place during the decade. In the postwar period, many families took a break from their jobs and traveled to a vacation spot. Vacation travel was made easier through the development of the Interstate Highway System. Similarly, people were able to go on vacations more frequently because of the development of the job benefits system during the 1940s. Overall, the book pointed to the reasons that individuals felt justified in expanding their right to enjoy themselves and go on vacation during the transitionary period in which vacationing became more egalitarian and less based on socio-economic status.
Todd, Jenean. Personal interview. 12 Jan. 2014. Mrs. Todd is the executive director and curator at the North Myrtle Beach Area Historical Museum in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Mrs. Todd provided information regarding the destruction that Hurricane Hazel and Hurricane Hugo brought to the Horry County portion of South Carolina. In addition to providing information about the destruction, Mrs. Todd told of how the Grand Strand was revolutionized by the commercialization and rebuilding after Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Mrs. Todd noted that many rebuilt because it was all that they knew to do in the aftermath of a storm in which they lost everything. However, their risks in rebuilding brought business and economic growth to the tourism industry in South Carolina.
Winters, Ray. Email interview. 2 Apr. 2014. Mr. Winters is a lawyer at the Law Office of Ray H. Winters, P.C. in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Mr. Winters has been practicing along the coastal regions of South Carolina for nearly a decade. Previously, he practiced law along the Gulf Coast. Having been in practice in many different regions of the Untied States, Mr. Winters was able to offer a unique perspective on how the Beachfront Management Act is working in South Carolina. Mr. Winters was able to conclude that, in his personal and legal opinion, the state is not retracting their protection in a malicious manner, per se. Rather, the state is retracting their protection because of the political struggles between the Republicans and Democrats throughout the state. Mr. Winters also concluded that natural disasters come along to remind people who live along the coast of the reality of the destruction that could happen at any time.
“A Terrifying Hurricane.” The Newberry Herald and News [Newberry] 30 Aug. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067777/1893-08-30/ed-1/seq-3>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast. However, it is noted in this article that South Carolina Governor Ben Tillman issued a call for help in the form of “money, food, clothing, and other necessaries of life.” By asking for relief aid, Governor Tillman took one of the first steps that the South Carolina government ever did in protecting the citizens and the natural environment from the dangers that plague life along the coast.
“Artificial Seawall Covered in Debris from the Dunes.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://wciv.images.worldnow.com/images/21198004_BG1.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. As development has continued in the “danger zones,” the dunes are being destroyed. This seawall was built in an effort to protect the dunes from further destruction. This is illustrated by the debris from the dunes that is covering the artificial seawall. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Artificial Seawall Protecting the Coastline.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://media.myrtlebeachonline.com/smedia/2014/03/29/22/06/P1VOO.AuSt.78.jpeg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the measures that are being taken by the state in the aftermath of the Beachfront Management Act to protect the coast. By building a seawall right along the coast, the shoreline is being protected from the rushing water that would otherwise lead to beach erosion and eventual habitat destruction. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Atalaya Castle.” Online photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.funbeaches.com/atalaya/atalaya11.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of a temporary summer home for the Allston family of Brookgreen Plantation during the 1800s. This was used inane illustrative manner on the website.
“Beach at Sunset.” Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.wallpaper-universe.com/wallpapers/Nature---Paysages/plage---iles---ocean/176/plage---iles---ocean-176-4~3.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Carolina Charter of 1663.” North Carolina History. Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.northcarolinahistory.org/images/uploaded/posts/screen_46d58258e92b9.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the Carolina Charter of 1663. While the text is not visible in this picture, it is used to show the document that sets the stage for the fight for the Carolina coast because the Lords Proprietors were given ultimate jurisdiction over the land when it was granted. However, there was nobody present to police the issues of protection and preservation during the late 1600s. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Damaged Houses During the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/1893_sea_islands_hurricane_damaged_houses.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“David Lucas.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/lucas.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas on his two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“David Lucas.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/Lucas4.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas on his two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Debris in the Street After the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://eatsleepplaybeaufort.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/hurricane18932.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “Inlet Fishing Pier.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “McElveen's Drug Store and Grocery Market.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Dunnagan, Claude. “Windy Hill Fishing Pier.” 1955. Print photograph. 12 Jan. 2014. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that took place along the Grand Strand in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel in the summer of 1955. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Eiser, Bill. “33 1/3 Years of Beachfront Management in South Carolina.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 2010. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <http://www.asbpa.org/conferences/10abstracts/Eiser.pdf>. This speech presentation overview document released by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the impacts that the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act have had on the state’s coast during the past thirty-three and a half years. Presenter Bill Eiser drew heavily on the importance of moving the baseline of the construction zone back from the shoreline and the establishment of the danger zone. More so, Eiser noted the importance of reestablishing the existing beach and dune system through the process of beach renourishment. By looking at the change over time in the beach and dune system quality from 1977 to 2010, Eiser was able to signify the importance and significance of the state’s new protective laws.
“Excerpt from the Charter of Carolina, March 24, 1663.” Wyckoff Public Schools. N.p., n.d.. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://www.wyckoffps.org/cms/lib7/NJ01000588/Centricity/Domain/180/Primary%20Source%20Carolina.pdf>. This excerpt from the Charter of Carolina illustrates the official transfer of land from King Charles II to his eight Lord’s Proprietors. King Charles II grants the eight men the ability to develop, cultivate, and govern the land that is now South Carolina. By issuing this land grant, King Charles II is setting the stage for the battle between the rights of the individuals to move to the coast versus the responsibility of the state to protect the citizens and the natural environment because this is the first legal document that grants any European settler control over the land that is now South Carolina. The Lord’s Proprietors utilize this document to reign supreme over the land and to do as they see fit in the colony.
Fretwell, Sammy. "Beach Law Needs Work, Commission Says." The State. N.p., 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 29 Dec. 2013. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. Written during the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2013, this article discusses how devastating a Hurricane Sandy like storm would be if it were to hit the South Carolina coast at the time. While the Beachfront Management Act is in place, officials are continuing to not uphold all of its provisions and are ultimately hurting the state and the oceanfront in the long run. The article concludes that there is no real “fight for the Carolina coast,” but that the state’s responsibilities to protect should be exercised above an individual’s right to enjoy the coast.
Fretwell, Sammy. "Report: S.C. Needs Tougher Beach Law." The State. N.p., 7 Nov. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2009/11/07/1017148/report-sc-needs-tougher-beach.html>. This article provides insight into the report that was released by the state Department of Health and Environmental Control agency on the progress of the problem of beach erosion twenty years after the initial passage of the Beachfront Management Act. The article calls for tougher beach laws because oceanfront development is still a problem; officials who nullify provisions of the law for some coastal developers are cited as the reason that there is still an issue.
Fretwell, Sammy. “Resort’s troubles threaten to erode beach law.” Myrtle Beach Online. N.p., 29 March 2014. Web. 31 March 2014. <http://www.myrtlebeachonline.com/2014/03/29/4130796/resorts-troubles-threaten-to-erode.html>. This article lays out the arguments for and against allowing individuals to exercise their right to build directly along the coastline. Citing the worry among property owners that the land will lose economic viability if a new law is passed, their worry that their property could be damaged by a natural disaster is also covered. Environmental factors, such as at the rising sea level, are cited as evidence both for and against the construction of the seawall. Regardless of whether or not another law is passed to overhaul the Beachfront Management Act, the type of wooden seawalls and the construction tactics and practices that are currently being used by the state were concluded to be failing. This illustrates, once again, the continued fight for the Carolina coast.
Fretwell, Sammy, and John Monk. "DHEC Changes Erode Beach Protection Law." The State. N.p., 20 Nov. 2008. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2008/11/20/596134/dhec-changes-erode-beach-protection.html>. This article illustrates how there have been changes in the laws and restrictions on coastal property since the 1988 Beachfront Management Act. By loosening restrictions on the provisions of the protective law, the state is retreating on their responsibility to protect the citizens and the natural environment from hurricanes and a destroyed beach and dune system. While it is more current, this article illustrates that there are still issues between the rights of the individual versus the responsibility of the state in the fight over the coastal regions of the state.
“Folly Beach Seawall.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. The seawall is being constructed in an effort to protect the coast from erosion that would otherwise occur destroy the coastline. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Georgetown Trunk Minders.” Georgetown County Digital Library. Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.gcdigital.org/cdm/>. This picture provides a visual representation of the trunk minding system that was commonly used throughout South Carolina in an effort to transform the natural environment into one that is conducive to the growth of rice. The trunk system, although innovative, caused many problems with the natural environment, including devastation of many animals’ natural habitat and an attraction of mosquitos to the area. This is a negative side effect of the right of individuals moving to the coast. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Hinnant, Lauren. “Statehouse legislation could impact Grand Strand beaches.” WBTW. N.p., 14 May 2014. Web. 16 May 2014. <http://www.wbtw.com/story/25517957/statehouse-legislation-could-impact-grand-strands-beaches>. This article provides insight into how the fight for the Carolina coast is still evolving. Recently, a bill was brought forth in the state legislature that would allow for the construction of seawalls that would promote building closer to the ocean because of the sense of protection that these walls provide. However, they are not environmentally secure in protecting the natural environment; the piece of legislation is being challenged by South Carolina environmental agencies. As the state continues to become increasingly lax with their responsibilities to protect the citizens and the environment, individuals are able to freely build as they please as they continue to exercise their rights to protection and enjoyment.
“Hugo’s beach law test still pending.” The Sun News [Myrtle Beach] 15 Oct. 1989. Print. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo, the article describes on how the 1988 Beachfront Management Act was needed. During the hurricane, many of the homes in the newly developed “danger zone” were destroyed. Taking this into account, the state was moving in the right direction by not allowing citizens to build directly along the shoreline because of the dangers associated with doing so. Using this information, Hugo proved that the new beachfront protection law was useful and that the state was doing good by increasing their responsibilities and protecting the people and the natural environment.
“Hurricane Hugo: A Coast in Crisis.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/c1075/images/iop.gif>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Hurricane Hugo Beachfront Damage.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Hurricane_Hugo_beach_front_damage.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Hurricane Hugo Coastline Damage.” Online photograph. 31 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ecu.edu/renci/StormsToLife/Hugo/images/sullivans.gif>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hugo was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Inlet Fishing Pier.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pier had been built at the north tip of East Cherry Grove Beach. This new pier represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
“Jetties in the Shallow Coastal Waters.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.postandcourier.com/storyimage/CP/20120527/PC1002/120529256/AR/0/AR-120529256.jpg&maxw=640&q=100>. This picture provides a visual representation of the measures that are being taken by the state in the aftermath of the Beachfront Management Act to protect the coast. By building jetties in the shallow coastal waters, the shoreline is being protected from the rushing water that would otherwise lead to beach erosion and eventual habitat destruction. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Local News.” Anderson Intelligencer [Anderson] 30 Aug. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026965/1893-08-30/ed-1/seq-3>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast.
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council Opinion of the Court. 505 U.S. 1003. Supreme Court of the United States. 1992. The Oyez Project. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. <http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1991/1991_91_453>. The Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council Opinion of the Court provided extensive coverage of the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council court case. Information regarding the background of the case was obtained as was information and reasoning behind the decision that the Supreme Court made. In conclusion, the Supreme Court ruled that a state was able to exercise their police powers and take land from an individual under eminent domain laws, provided that they provided just compensation. In this case, the state’s responsibility may override an individual’s right under certain circumstances.
“Miss Universe 1955's Travel to South Carolina Advertisement.” State Development Board. Online photograph. 18 May 2014. <https://www.etsy.com/listing/161241415/vintage-1950s-travel-ad-half-page-beach?ref=market>. This picture provides a visual representation of the attractiveness that was associated with the Grand Strand in the 1950s. Miss Universe, hailing from the state of South Carolina, used her position to appear in advertisements telling people to come to the area. When coupled with the other factors that enabled families to vacation during the 1950s, such as air conditioning and the interstate system, this advertisement helped to boost coastal tourism business. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Myrtle Beach Skywheel.” Tilghman Resort. Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.tilghmanresort.com/media/images/area_information_main_page_photo_3.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.” Palms Myrtle Beach. Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://3palmsmyrtlebeach.com/images/beach_sc.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“New Pavilion Open On Strand.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pavilion had been built in Crescent Beach. The article notes that the developers of the new pavilion have just finished work all along the coast in South Carolina and Georgia; this represents the right of individuals to move to the coast and develop it as they saw fit. Furthermore, the article notes that one pavilion was already in place; this represents the growth of the Grand Strand during the 1950s. In all, this new pavilion represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
“Reconstruction - By Man and Nature.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new pier had been built in Windy Hill. This new pier represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so.
Records of the Court of Common Pleas. “Judgment Roll 1788, no. 223A.” “Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina.” Cambridge: Hardvard University Publishing, 2011. Print photograph. 18 Dec. 2013. This photograph shows a cartographic depiction of a tidal swamp rice field. The map depicts the nature of the rice fields and how the plantation owners, who likely kept the map for their records, excavated the land in an effort to create a trunk system for their rice crops. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Red Cross Workers During the Sea Islands Hurricane.” Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2014. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/1893_sea_islands_hurricane_red_cross_workers.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the destruction that citizens who choose to live along the coast are faced with during hurricanes. This image of Hurricane Hazel was was in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Seawall Under Construction.” Online photograph. 3 Apr. 2014. <http://www.thestate.com/2013/01/16/2592663/beach-law-needs-work-commission.html>. This picture provides a visual representation of the development that is currently taking place along the coastal regions of South Carolina as state officials are offering more waivers to the Beachfront Management Act. The seawall is being constructed in an effort to protect the coast from erosion that would otherwise occur destroy the coastline. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Coast.” Grand Strand Vacations. Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://www.grandstrandscvacations.com/grand-strand-hotel.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Program Notes.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Notes).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses how South Carolina’s Coastal Zone Management Act falls in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969’s call by the Office of Coastal Zone Management for individual state laws that protect beachfront property. This document shows that South Carolina’s law “passes the test” and is approved by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969’s guidelines. Furthermore, this document includes a list of state agencies that are responsible in the efforts to uphold and promote the Coastal Zone Management Act.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Impact Statement.” South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Pt.%203).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the impacts of the 1976 amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act. This document provides insight into how much the document helped to protect he environment and to promote awareness among the beach and dune system along the coastal regions of the state. When paired with the South Carolina Beachfront Management Act, the impacts and ramifications of this law are seen as not as widespread because of its surface level actions and guidelines. Nonetheless, this was seen as a first attempt by the state to better the natural environment and to protect the citizens of the state.
“South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Act Program Statement.” South Carolina Department of Heath and Environmental Control. N.p., 1979. Web. 19 Nov. 2013. <https://www.scdhec.gov/environment/ocrm/docs/program_doc/SC_Coastal_%20Program%20(Pt.%201).pdf>. This document released from the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control discusses the purpose of the 1976 amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act. This document provides insight into the first time that the state government steps up and fulfills their responsibility to protect the citizens and the natural environment. When paired with the South Carolina Beachfront Management Act, this preliminary law is seen as minimal in its efforts to curb the individual’s right to move to the coast and to protect the natural environment.
“South Carolina Oceanfront.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_-lNZcKrfw5o/TUwcHyxGprI/AAAAAAAAAnQ/DMKExs61gTg/s1600/Beachviewnorth.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“South Carolina Pier.” Online photograph. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dnasoa.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/DNA-Paternity-Testing-Myrtle-Beach-SC.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Sunset at Myrtle Beach Dunes.” Online photograph. 23 Feb. 2014. <http://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large/sunset-at-myrtle-beach-sc-dunes-joe-granita.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of the riches that the Carolina coast has to offer. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“The Main Square.” Newspaper unknown [North Myrtle Beach] 1955. Print, compiled by Claude Dunnagan. 12 Jan. 2014. Written in the summer of 1955 after Hurricane Hazel struck, this article notes the new construction that was taking place along the Grand Strand. In this case, a new oceanfront business block had been built near an existing one in proximity to the new Ocean Drive Pavilion. This new oceanfront business block represents the individual’s right to build along the coast despite the dangers that are associated with doing so and the development of the Grand Strand during the 1950s in the aftermath of Hurricane Hazel as many had the opportunity to build and rebuild.
“The Storm of 1893.” The Laurens Advertiser [Laurens] 4 Sept. 1893. Web. 28 Dec. 2013. <http-//chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93067760/1893-09-04/ed-1/seq-1>. Written after the Sea Islands Hurricane of 1893 hit, this article talks of the destruction that was found all throughout the state. By providing stories and accounts from their local reporters, the article, when applied to a larger context, shows the widespread devastation that the state faced following the storm. This article illustrates the reality of the worst that could happen to those who live along the coast and what individuals are risking when they choose to do so. In 1893, the state had not stepped in to provide a directive to warn people of the dangers of life at the coast.
“Undeveloped Lots.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/Lucas1.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas’ two undeveloped lots. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“Zone Mapping in the Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council Case.” Online photograph. 13 Feb. 2014. <http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Lucas/LucasMap.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of David Lucas’ two lots in relation to the area of the coast along the Isle of Palms. This image was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“1950s Air Conditioning Advertisement.” Online photograph. 17 May 2014. <http://www.williscarrier.com/images/chapter5/chapterfive_small05.jpg>. This picture proves a visual representation of the time when air conditioning was still rare and gaining popularity. During this time, advertisements for air conditioning, like this one, were common because many people were unsure of its uses and effectiveness. Air conditioning was one element that brought more people to the coast as it became popular in the early to mid 1900s because of the ability for vacationers to stay cool while enjoying their summer down south at the beach. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
“1950s Family Travel Advertisement.” Online photograph. 17 May 2014. <http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UImPrZh-RfQ/T9vPbKqglSI/AAAAAAAABnY/WsseSm8y8AI/s1600/1950s+family+travel+with+map.jpg>. This picture provides a visual representation of a stereotypical family during the 1950s as they are on their way to their vacation destination. The fifties, a period of consumerism and conformity, illustrate the growing right of the individual to do as they please due to the relaxed social culture that surrounded the postwar period. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
Secondary Sources
“Before Drayton Hall: From Native Americans to early colonists.” Dryaton Hall. N.p., N.d.. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://draytonhall.org/research/history/before.html>. This quote provides a realistic basis in the “fight for the Carolina coast.” Despite the incessant back and forth between individuals wanting to express their right to live along and coast and the responsibility of the state in protecting the citizens and the environment, the reality is that the land originally belonged to the indigenous Native American peoples. It was in the Carolina Charter of 1663 that European settlers began to exercise their right over the land that is now South Carolina.
Brockington, Lee. Email interview. 17 Jan. 2014. Ms. Brockington is a curator at the Hobcaw Barony Plantation in Georgetown, South Carolina. Ms. Brockington aided me in redefining my project from a sole focus on the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council case to a broader focus on the issue of land rights throughout the course of the history. Ms. Brockington provided insight into the reality of the situation of land rights in South Carolina at its core: the land was initially the Native Americans’. By providing me with this reality, I was able to draw my project back to the foundations of the state and research where European settlers obtained their initial right to settle the land from; this proved to be the Carolina Charter of 1663 issued by King Charles II.
Edelson, S. Max. “Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina.” Cambridge: Harvard University Publishing, 2011. 18 Dec. 2013. Print. Max Edelson specifically offers insight into the transformation of the plantation landscape during colonial South Carolina. Edelson mentions the nature of how widespread the excavation of the natural environment was during the era. In addition, Edelson ntoes that the transformation of the natural environment was a negative side effect of citizens expressing their right to move to the area and help themselves by making the plantation landscape beneficial to the rice harvests.
Gayes, Paul. “25 Years of Beachfront Management Act in South Carolina: Ebbs and Flows of the Shoreline, Structures, and Development.” North Carolina Coastal Commission. N.p., 19 Feb. 2009. Web. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/CRC/gayes_termgroins.pdf>. By a professor at Coastal Carolina University’s Center for Marine and Wetland Studies, this presentation details the effects of the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. The presentation states that both of the laws were necessary in order to protect individuals and the natural environment along the coast. However, unlike many other sources, there is the conclusion that the beaches are in a better place in 2009 than they were prior to the passage of the laws; many experts still claim that there is much work to be done. The project does, however, continue to call for increased action in order to prepare for storms such as Hurricane Katrina or a direct hit of lesser storms.
Gayes, Paull. “Coastal Danger Zone Baselines.” “25 Years of Beachfront Management Act in South Carolina: Ebbs and Flows of the Shoreline, Structures, and Development.” North Carolina Coastal Commission. N.p., 19 Feb. 2009. Online photograph. 15 Dec. 2013. <http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/CRC/gayes_termgroins.pdf>. This picture provides a visual representation of the coastal danger zone baselines that were established following the Coastal Zone Management Act and the Beachfront Management Act. This was used in an illustrative manner on the website.
General Johnson and the Chairmen of the Board. “I’d Rather be in Carolina.” By composer. “Surfside.” Arista Records, 1983. Web. 19 Jan. 2014. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_9-Z4v7610&feature=kp>. This song acts as an introduction to the website to draw attention to the desirability of South Carolina’s beaches. More so, this songs sets up the right of the individual to move to the coast by saying that “there’s no place finer.” This was used in an auditory manner on the website.
“Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council. Duke Law. N.p., N.d.. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://web.law.duke.edu/voices/lucas#>. The Duke Law page regarding the Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Council was used for their video summaries of the court case. A narrative of the court case was documented as told by many key players in the case ranging from petitioner David Lucas to a local geologist responding to the decision of the Supreme Court. The videos provided multiple viewpoints and enabled me to see that dissent was still in the air following the 1992 decision by the Supreme Court.
McDaniel, Dr. George. Email interview. 16 Jan. 2014. George McDaniel is the executive director at Drayton Hall in Charleston, South Carolina. Dr. McDaniel provided insight into why South Carolinians went to the coast during the antebellum era. Dr. McDaniel pointed out that many went to escape disease, while citing Citadel professor Richard Porcher, and that others just went for pure enjoyment. In addition to providing a more scientific element to my research with the discussion of mosquitos and disease, Dr. McDaniel discussed the actions of the John Drayton family during the summers and put me in touch with curator Joseph Mester. Dr. McDaniel did not discuss the responsibility of the state during the antebellum era in Charleston, South Carolina.
Mester, Joseph. Email interview. 21 Jan. 2014. Joseph Mester is a curator at Drayton Hall in Charleston, South Carolina. Mr. Mester provided additional insight into reasons that South Carolinians weren't to the coast during the summer months. Mr. Mester was also able to provide me with an overview of how the John Drayton family often traveled to Sullivan’s Island in South Carolina during the summer months to avoid the harsh labors of the plantation and the disease that it carried with it. Furthermore, Mr. Mester told me that the John Drayton family often took slaves, children, and some of their belongings with them. Likewise, Mr. Mester did not discuss the responsibility of the state during the antebellum era in Charleston, South Carolina. In addition, Mr. Mester noted that the John Drayton family did not necessarily see their moving to the coast as a right, but that it was a popular thing to do during the time for wealthy plantation owners.
Rujgh, Susan Sessions. “Are We There Yet?: The Golden Age of American Family Vacations. “Lawrence: University of Kansas, 2008. Web. 16 May 2014. <https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/highwayhistory/road/s18.cfm>. This book looks at the post World War II period as a time for the family unit to strengthen as a whole. One of the chief ways in which the family unit was able to strengthen was through the frequent vacations that took place during the decade. In the postwar period, many families took a break from their jobs and traveled to a vacation spot. Vacation travel was made easier through the development of the Interstate Highway System. Similarly, people were able to go on vacations more frequently because of the development of the job benefits system during the 1940s. Overall, the book pointed to the reasons that individuals felt justified in expanding their right to enjoy themselves and go on vacation during the transitionary period in which vacationing became more egalitarian and less based on socio-economic status.
Todd, Jenean. Personal interview. 12 Jan. 2014. Mrs. Todd is the executive director and curator at the North Myrtle Beach Area Historical Museum in North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Mrs. Todd provided information regarding the destruction that Hurricane Hazel and Hurricane Hugo brought to the Horry County portion of South Carolina. In addition to providing information about the destruction, Mrs. Todd told of how the Grand Strand was revolutionized by the commercialization and rebuilding after Hurricane Hazel in 1954. Mrs. Todd noted that many rebuilt because it was all that they knew to do in the aftermath of a storm in which they lost everything. However, their risks in rebuilding brought business and economic growth to the tourism industry in South Carolina.
Winters, Ray. Email interview. 2 Apr. 2014. Mr. Winters is a lawyer at the Law Office of Ray H. Winters, P.C. in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Mr. Winters has been practicing along the coastal regions of South Carolina for nearly a decade. Previously, he practiced law along the Gulf Coast. Having been in practice in many different regions of the Untied States, Mr. Winters was able to offer a unique perspective on how the Beachfront Management Act is working in South Carolina. Mr. Winters was able to conclude that, in his personal and legal opinion, the state is not retracting their protection in a malicious manner, per se. Rather, the state is retracting their protection because of the political struggles between the Republicans and Democrats throughout the state. Mr. Winters also concluded that natural disasters come along to remind people who live along the coast of the reality of the destruction that could happen at any time.
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